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Journal of Economic Literature Classification (9987)
- A - General Economics and Teaching (81)
  - A1 - General Economics (73)
    - A10 - General (9)
    - A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists (12)
    - A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines (14)
    - A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values (12)
    - A14 - Sociology of Economics (12)
    - A19 - Other (1)
  - A2 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics (7)
    - A20 - General (2)
    - A22 - Undergraduate (1)
  - A3 - Multisubject Collective Works (3)
    - A30 - General (1)
- B - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology (100)
  - B0 - General (10)
    - B00 - General (9)
  - B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925 (10)
    - B10 - General (4)
    - B11 - Preclassical (2)
    - B12 - Classical (2)
    - B13 - Neoclassical through 1925 (3)
    - B14 - Socialist; Marxist (1)
  - B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925 (38)
    - B20 - General (14)
    - B21 - Microeconomics (6)
    - B22 - Macroeconomics (9)
    - B23 - History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative and Mathematical Studies (2)
    - B24 - Socialist; Marxist (1)
    - B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian (6)
    - B29 - Other (1)
  - B3 - History of Thought: Individuals (18)
    - B30 - General (1)
    - B31 - Individuals (14)
  - B4 - Economic Methodology (33)
    - B40 - General (11)
    - B41 - Economic Methodology (15)
    - B49 - Other (3)
  - B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches (17)
    - B50 - General (2)
    - B51 - Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian (1)
    - B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary (4)
    - B53 - Austrian (1)
    - B54 - Feminist Economics (4)
    - B59 - Other (2)
- C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods (1297)
  - C0 - General (82)
    - C00 - General (32)
    - C01 - Econometrics (10)
    - C02 - Mathematical Methods (18)
  - C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General (368)
    - C10 - General (37)
    - C11 - Bayesian Analysis (31)
    - C12 - Hypothesis Testing (52)
    - C13 - Estimation (134)
    - C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods (137)
    - C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods; Monte Carlo Methods; Bootstrap Methods (38)
    - C16 - Specific Distributions (4)
    - C19 - Other (5)
  - C2 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables (273)
    - C20 - General (9)
    - C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models (68)
    - C22 - Time-Series Models (100)
    - C23 - Models with Panel Data (81)
    - C24 - Truncated and Censored Models (16)
    - C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models (29)
    - C29 - Other (3)
  - C3 - Econometric Methods: Multiple; Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables; Endogenous Regressors (175)
    - C30 - General (16)
    - C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models (25)
    - C32 - Time-Series Models (80)
    - C33 - Models with Panel Data (32)
    - C34 - Truncated and Censored Models (6)
    - C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models (12)
    - C39 - Other (5)
  - C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics (50)
    - C40 - General (2)
    - C41 - Duration Analysis (12)
    - C42 - Survey Methods (3)
    - C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation (19)
    - C44 - Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research (4)
    - C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics (1)
    - C46 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Specific Distributions (7)
  - C5 - Econometric Modeling (158)
    - C50 - General (32)
    - C51 - Model Construction and Estimation (43)
    - C52 - Model Evaluation and Selection (51)
    - C53 - Forecasting and Other Model Applications (42)
    - C59 - Other (3)
  - C6 - Mathematical Methods and Programming (133)
    - C60 - General (11)
    - C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis (57)
    - C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium (14)
    - C63 - Computational Techniques (33)
    - C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools (5)
    - C67 - Input- (3)
    - C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models (15)
    - C69 - Other (4)
  - C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory (167)
    - C70 - General (21)
    - C71 - Cooperative Games (6)
    - C72 - Noncooperative Games (58)
    - C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games (25)
    - C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory (33)
    - C79 - Other (13)
  - C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs (58)
    - C80 - General (11)
    - C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data (37)
    - C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data (5)
    - C88 - Other Computer Software (1)
    - C89 - Other (1)
  - C9 - Design of Experiments (122)
    - C90 - General (22)
    - C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior (44)
    - C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior (18)
    - C93 - Field Experiments (45)
    - C99 - Other (3)
- D - Microeconomics (2134)
  - D0 - General (97)
    - D00 - General (28)
    - D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles (20)
    - D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations (31)
  - D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics (270)
    - D10 - General (49)
    - D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory (25)
    - D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis (90)
    - D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation (33)
    - D14 - Personal Finance (57)
    - D18 - Consumer Protection (3)
    - D19 - Other (4)
  - D2 - Production and Organizations (289)
    - D20 - General (33)
    - D21 - Firm Behavior (66)
    - D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights (88)
    - D24 - Production; Cost; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity (99)
    - D29 - Other (2)
  - D3 - Distribution (304)
    - D30 - General (35)
    - D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions (257)
    - D33 - Factor Income Distribution (6)
  - D4 - Market Structure and Pricing (130)
    - D40 - General (22)
    - D41 - Perfect Competition (4)
    - D42 - Monopoly (9)
    - D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection (32)
    - D44 - Auctions (49)
    - D45 - Rationing; Licensing (1)
    - D46 - Value Theory (7)
  - D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium (96)
    - D50 - General (11)
    - D51 - Exchange and Production Economies (5)
    - D52 - Incomplete Markets (42)
    - D53 - Financial Markets (22)
    - D57 - Input-Output Tables and Analysis (3)
    - D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models (18)
  - D6 - Welfare Economics (368)
    - D60 - General (66)
    - D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis (43)
    - D62 - Externalities (37)
    - D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement (200)
    - D64 - Altruism (19)
    - D69 - Other (3)
  - D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making (357)
    - D70 - General (35)
    - D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations (51)
    - D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior (192)
    - D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption (36)
    - D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances (50)
    - D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation (33)
    - D79 - Other (1)
  - D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty (604)
    - D80 - General (57)
    - D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty (112)
    - D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information (211)
    - D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief (157)
    - D84 - Expectations; Speculations (34)
    - D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory (23)
    - D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory (44)
    - D89 - Other (17)
  - D9 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth (135)
    - D90 - General (34)
    - D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving (66)
    - D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing (24)
    - D99 - Other (3)
- E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics (1243)
  - E0 - General (100)
    - E00 - General (38)
    - E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth (30)
  - E1 - General Aggregative Models (83)
    - E10 - General (23)
    - E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary (3)
    - E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian (17)
    - E13 - Neoclassical (16)
    - E17 - Forecasting and Simulation (14)
  - E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment (405)
    - E20 - General (23)
    - E21 - Macroeconomics: Consumption; Saving; Aggregate Physical and Financial Consumer Wealth (94)
    - E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity (69)
    - E23 - Production (60)
    - E24 - Macroeconomics: Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution (includes wage indexation) (177)
    - E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution (11)
    - E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy (8)
    - E27 - Forecasting and Simulation (13)
  - E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles (357)
    - E30 - General (32)
    - E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation (104)
    - E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles (212)
    - E37 - Forecasting and Simulation (21)
  - E4 - Money and Interest Rates (259)
    - E40 - General (30)
    - E41 - Demand for Money (17)
    - E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System (38)
    - E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates (57)
    - E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy (121)
    - E47 - Forecasting and Simulation (12)
    - E49 - Other (3)
  - E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit (333)
    - E50 - General (53)
    - E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers (22)
    - E52 - Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects) (178)
    - E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies (107)
    - E59 - Other (3)
  - E6 - Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook (209)
    - E60 - General (32)
    - E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination (37)
    - E62 - Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation (94)
    - E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization (32)
    - E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy (4)
    - E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes (16)
    - E66 - General Outlook and Conditions (4)
- F - International Economics (1285)
  - F0 - General (106)
    - F00 - General (27)
    - F01 - Global Outlook (22)
    - F02 - International Economic Order (26)
  - F1 - Trade (565)
    - F10 - General (123)
    - F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade (32)
    - F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies (114)
    - F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Trade Organizations (110)
    - F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade (170)
    - F15 - Economic Integration (145)
    - F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions (61)
    - F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation (17)
    - F18 - Trade and Environment (12)
    - F19 - Other (4)
  - F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business (239)
    - F20 - General (12)
    - F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements (54)
    - F22 - International Migration (46)
    - F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business (131)
  - F3 - International Finance (335)
    - F30 - General (46)
    - F31 - Foreign Exchange (88)
    - F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements (34)
    - F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions (56)
    - F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems (55)
    - F35 - Foreign Aid (17)
    - F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration (53)
    - F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation (17)
  - F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance (214)
    - F40 - General (19)
    - F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics (95)
    - F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission (23)
    - F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies (36)
    - F47 - Forecasting and Simulation (8)
  - F5 - International Relations and International Political Economy (181)
    - F50 - General (26)
    - F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions (24)
    - F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism (9)
    - F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations (47)
    - F54 - Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism (8)
    - F59 - International Relations and International Political Economy: Other (58)
- G - Financial Economics (1718)
  - G0 - General (179)
    - G00 - General (131)
  - G1 - General Financial Markets (881)
    - G10 - General (186)
    - G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions (199)
    - G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates (297)
    - G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing (57)
    - G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies (164)
    - G15 - International Financial Markets (127)
    - G18 - Government Policy and Regulation (102)
    - G19 - Other (3)
  - G2 - Financial Institutions and Services (616)
    - G20 - General (105)
    - G21 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages (237)
    - G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies (54)
    - G23 - Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions (96)
    - G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Rating Agencies (69)
    - G28 - Government Policy and Regulation (133)
    - G29 - Other (1)
  - G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance (463)
    - G30 - General (92)
    - G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies (40)
    - G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure (193)
    - G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation (44)
    - G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance (136)
    - G35 - Payout Policy (5)
    - G38 - Government Policy and Regulation (57)
    - G39 - Other (3)
- H - Public Economics (1234)
  - H0 - General (144)
    - H00 - General (64)
  - H1 - Structure and Scope of Government (134)
    - H10 - General (27)
    - H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government (91)
    - H19 - Other (2)
  - H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue (367)
    - H20 - General (75)
    - H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation (41)
    - H22 - Incidence (16)
    - H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies (114)
    - H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies (48)
    - H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies (36)
    - H26 - Tax Evasion (39)
    - H27 - Other Sources of Revenue (4)
    - H29 - Other (2)
  - H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents (125)
    - H30 - General (54)
    - H31 - Household (29)
    - H32 - Firm (24)
    - H39 - Other (1)
  - H4 - Publicly Provided Goods (151)
    - H40 - General (25)
    - H41 - Public Goods (62)
    - H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods (24)
    - H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate (21)
    - H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets (6)
    - H49 - Other (1)
  - H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies (267)
    - H50 - General (50)
    - H51 - Government Expenditures and Health (24)
    - H52 - Government Expenditures and Education (26)
    - H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs (32)
    - H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock (21)
    - H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions (61)
    - H56 - National Security and War (17)
    - H57 - Procurement (13)
    - H59 - Other (2)
  - H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt (115)
    - H60 - General (29)
    - H61 - Budget; Budget Systems (16)
    - H62 - Deficit; Surplus (15)
    - H63 - Debt; Debt Management (54)
  - H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations (168)
    - H70 - General (29)
    - H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue (28)
    - H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures (19)
    - H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects (8)
    - H74 - State and Local Borrowing (3)
    - H75 - State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare (49)
    - H76 - State and Local Government: Infrastructures; Procurement; Public Safety; Penal Systems; Other Expenditure Categories (7)
    - H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession (24)
    - H79 - Other (1)
  - H8 - Miscellaneous Issues (33)
    - H80 - General (3)
    - H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits (9)
    - H83 - Public Administration (12)
    - H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods (6)
    - H89 - Other (2)
- I - Health, Education, and Welfare (1483)
  - I0 - General (102)
    - I00 - General (82)
  - I1 - Health (615)
    - I10 - General (125)
    - I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets (92)
    - I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Suicide, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior (193)
    - I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health (274)
    - I19 - Other (18)
  - I2 - Education (343)
    - I20 - General (114)
    - I21 - Analysis of Education (98)
    - I22 - Educational Finance (25)
    - I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions (46)
    - I28 - Government Policy (62)
    - I29 - Other (7)
  - I3 - Welfare and Poverty (536)
    - I30 - General (91)
    - I31 - General Welfare; Basic Needs; Living Standards; Quality of Life; Happiness (178)
    - I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty (119)
    - I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs (171)
    - I39 - Other (14)
- J - Labor and Demographic Economics (1805)
  - J0 - General (139)
    - J00 - General (58)
    - J01 - Labor Economics: General (30)
    - J08 - Labor Economics Policies (21)
  - J1 - Demographic Economics (417)
    - J10 - General (22)
    - J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts (27)
    - J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure (48)
    - J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth (127)
    - J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped (35)
    - J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination (59)
    - J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination (132)
    - J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income (3)
    - J18 - Public Policy (45)
    - J19 - Other (1)
  - J2 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human Capital; Retirement (573)
    - J20 - General (34)
    - J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure (89)
    - J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply (118)
    - J23 - Employment Determination; Job Creation; Demand for Labor; Self-Employment (81)
    - J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity (259)
    - J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies (18)
    - J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy (39)
    - J29 - Other (1)
  - J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs (472)
    - J30 - General (60)
    - J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc. (281)
    - J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions (28)
    - J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods (91)
    - J38 - Public Policy (21)
    - J39 - Other (1)
  - J4 - Particular Labor Markets (188)
    - J40 - General (24)
    - J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching Models, Efficiency Wage Models, and Internal Labor Markets (56)
    - J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets (35)
    - J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets (3)
    - J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations (27)
    - J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets (35)
    - J48 - Public Policy (10)
    - J49 - Other (1)
  - J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining (159)
    - J50 - General (30)
    - J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects (71)
    - J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining (16)
    - J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence (33)
    - J54 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms (10)
    - J58 - Public Policy (7)
  - J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies (439)
    - J60 - General (35)
    - J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers (110)
    - J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility (78)
    - J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs (72)
    - J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search (128)
    - J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings (37)
    - J68 - Public Policy (24)
  - J7 - Labor Discrimination (61)
    - J70 - General (5)
    - J71 - Discrimination (35)
    - J78 - Public Policy (7)
  - J8 - Labor Standards: National and International (45)
    - J80 - General (7)
    - J81 - Working Conditions (20)
    - J82 - Labor Force Composition (4)
    - J83 - Workers' Rights (2)
    - J88 - Public Policy (6)
- K - Law and Economics (279)
  - K0 - General (25)
    - K00 - General (12)
  - K1 - Basic Areas of Law (44)
    - K10 - General (5)
    - K11 - Property Law (11)
    - K12 - Contract Law (15)
    - K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability (2)
    - K14 - Criminal Law (9)
    - K19 - Other (5)
  - K2 - Regulation and Business Law (68)
    - K20 - General (16)
    - K21 - Antitrust Law (3)
    - K22 - Corporation and Securities Law (35)
    - K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law (7)
    - K29 - Other (4)
  - K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law (53)
    - K31 - Labor Law (16)
    - K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law (9)
    - K33 - International Law (14)
    - K34 - Tax Law (14)
    - K39 - Other (1)
  - K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior (116)
    - K40 - General (29)
    - K41 - Litigation Process (18)
    - K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law (67)
    - K49 - Other (1)
- L - Industrial Organization (878)
  - L0 - General (48)
    - L00 - General (15)
  - L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance (285)
    - L10 - General (33)
    - L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms (87)
    - L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies (9)
    - L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets (50)
    - L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks (46)
    - L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility (14)
    - L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices (11)
    - L17 - Open Source Products and Markets (1)
    - L19 - Other (1)
  - L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior (332)
    - L20 - General (57)
    - L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm (19)
    - L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical Integration; Conglomerates; Subsidiaries (71)
    - L23 - Organization of Production (60)
    - L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing (18)
    - L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification and Scope, Age, Profit, and Sales (75)
    - L29 - Other (8)
  - L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise (51)
    - L30 - General (6)
    - L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs (17)
    - L32 - Public Enterprises (10)
    - L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting Out (21)
  - L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies (36)
    - L40 - General (4)
    - L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices (7)
    - L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts (4)
    - L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation (6)
    - L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations (3)
  - L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy (97)
    - L50 - General (18)
    - L51 - Economics of Regulation (38)
    - L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods (19)
    - L53 - Government Promotion of Firms (4)
    - L59 - Other (2)
  - L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing (88)
    - L60 - General (37)
    - L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics (4)
    - L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment (10)
    - L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment (10)
    - L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology (7)
    - L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco (7)
    - L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather (4)
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