Felsenthal, Dan S. and Machover, Moshé 
  
(2002)
Models and reality: the curious case of the absent abstention.
    Homo Oeconomicus, 19 (3).
     pp. 297-310.
     ISSN 0943-0180
  
  
  
  
  
    
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
  
    Abstract
    We discuss two inter-related puzzling features of the literature on a priori voting power. First, the mathematical model used in virtually all this literature does not recognize abstention as an option distinct from both a 'yes' and a 'no' vote. Second, real-life decision rules of voting bodies---in particular the US legislature and the UN Security Council---are misrepresented as though they did not allow abstention as a tertium quid. We suggest that these misrepresentations may be examples of what philosophers of science call 'theory-laden observation'.
  
  
  
  
  
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