Long COVID in the population of COVID-19 hospitalized patients discharged from SUS’ hospitals in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil: a patient-engaged cohort survey study

Portela, Margareth Crisóstomo, Lima, Sheyla Maria Lemos, Escosteguy, Claudia Caminha, Martins, Mônica, de Vasconcellos, Maurício Teixeira Leite, Caldas, Bárbara do Nascimento, Bernardino, Michelle, Baginski, Natalie Perez, Góes, Gabriela, Sabaine, Brenda, Furtado, Danielle, Cavalcanti, Marta, Soares, Letícia, Stelson, Elisabeth, Singer, Sara, Cornish, Flora ORCID: 0000-0002-3404-9385 and Aveling, Emma-Louise (2025) Long COVID in the population of COVID-19 hospitalized patients discharged from SUS’ hospitals in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil: a patient-engaged cohort survey study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 25 (1). ISSN 1471-2334

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Abstract

Background Long COVID (LC) is a global health concern, affecting millions and placing significant strain on healthcare systems. However, there is a notable lack of LC research in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in the global south. This study aims to fill this gap by focusing on Brazil, a country with an emerging LC literature but limited population estimates due to sampling constraints. Our unique focus is to estimate the prevalence of persistent symptoms and LC self-reported diagnosis among COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Rio de Janeiro City public hospitals. We also aim to identify factors associated with the LC measures and most frequent symptoms, providing valuable insights for healthcare systems and policymakers. Methods We designed a comprehensive, patient-engaged cohort survey study to assess LC symptoms and administered it to a probability sample of adults six to 24 months post-discharge from public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro City. LC was measured as (i) at least one persistent symptom or (ii) self-reported LC. Among the symptoms, we considered post-exertional malaise, which is frequently neglected in LC studies. Additionally, we applied an adaptation of the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire to account not only for the presence but also the frequency of symptom occurrence. We estimate the prevalence of symptoms and use logistic regression models to identify associations between LC and the most frequent LC symptoms and independent variables, assessing demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics, vaccination, and severity of acute disease. Results Results indicate the predominant study’s focus on low-income and highly vulnerable people, with an elevated prevalence of comorbidities before LC. In the study population of 11,328 persons, 71.3% (95%CI 66.3; 76.2) reported frequently experiencing at least one persistent symptom, and 39.3% (95%CI 34.2; 44.4) self-reported having LC. The most frequent symptoms were fatigue, post-exertional malaise, joint pain, sleep disturbance, and cognitive impairment, and symptoms were consistently more likely to occur among women. Age was non-linearly related to LC, and comorbidities before COVID-19 hospitalization were positively associated with LC symptoms. Conclusions Evidence is provided for the LC burden among COVID-19 hospitalized patients even 24 months post-discharge. LC accessible and appropriate healthcare is fundamental.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	© 2025 The Author(s)
Divisions:	Methodology
Subjects:	R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine H Social Sciences > HV Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
Date Deposited:	06 Oct 2025 09:00
Last Modified:	23 Oct 2025 18:39
URI:	http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/129684

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