Social determinants of health and mortality in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome

Chang, Ryan, Javed, Zulqarnain, Ostrominski, John W., Philip, Jerrin, Khalid, Sheikh Bilal, Ogungbe, Oluwabunmi, Canales, Lucia, Mossialos, Elias ORCID: 0000-0001-8664-9297, Al-Kindi, Sadeer and Nasir, Khurram (2025) Social determinants of health and mortality in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. JACC: Advances, 4 (9). ISSN 2772-963X

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Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and type 2 diabetes are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States.1,2 To enhance prevention and management of these interrelated conditions, the American Heart Association introduced a novel staging framework, termed cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome,1 with 4 stages: 1 (excess/dysfunctional adiposity); 2 (additional metabolic risk factors and/or CKD); 3 (subclinical CVD or high predicted CVD risk); and 4 (clinical CVD). Stage 0 is defined as the absence of CKM syndrome.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	© 2025 The Authors
Divisions:	Health Policy LSE Health
Subjects:	R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine
Date Deposited:	26 Aug 2025 11:03
Last Modified:	26 Aug 2025 18:28
URI:	http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/129270

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