Prices and affordability of essential medicines in 72 low-, middle-, and high-income markets

Wouters, Olivier J. ORCID: 0000-0002-2514-476X, Denolle, Cyprien, Wei, Jinru and Papanicolas, Irene ORCID: 0000-0002-8000-3185 (2025) Prices and affordability of essential medicines in 72 low-, middle-, and high-income markets. JAMA Health Forum, 6 (8). ISSN 2689-0186

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Abstract

Importance Little is known about how the prices and affordability of medicines included on the World Health Organization’s Model List of Essential Medicines vary across the globe. Objective To compare the list prices and affordability of essential medicines across high-, middle-, and low-income markets. Design and Setting This cross-sectional study examined data from 2022 on list prices and volumes of 549 essential medicines in 72 high-, middle-, and low-income markets (covering 87 countries). These data were obtained from IQVIA. The statistical analyses were performed between August 2024 and March 2025. Main Outcomes and Measures Laspeyres price indices were used to compare average drug prices across countries, both in nominal and purchasing power parity–adjusted terms. The affordability of 8 essential medicines, used to treat major causes of death and disability globally, was assessed by calculating how many days of minimum wage would be required to pay for 1 month of treatment. Results The availability of essential medicines ranged from 225 (41%) in Kuwait to 438 (80%) in Germany (base country). After accounting for purchasing power parities, prices of essential medicines in Lebanon were, on average, 18.1% of those in Germany (Lebanon price index, 18.1 vs Germany price index, 100), while average prices in the US were 3.0 times higher than in Germany (US price index, 298.2). A positive association was observed between countries’ gross domestic product per capita (expressed in logarithmic terms) and nominal drug prices (R = 0.30; P = .01), indicating that richer countries generally had higher drug prices. However, when adjusting for the purchasing power of different currencies, an inverse association was observed (R = −0.35; P = .003), suggesting that richer countries had lower real prices. Drug affordability, as measured by the number of days’ minimum wage needed to purchase a month’s treatment, varied widely, with median affordability highest in Europe and the Western Pacific, and lowest in Africa and Southeast Asia. Conclusions and Relevance The results of this cross-sectional analysis showed significant variation in the prices and affordability of 549 essential medicines across 72 markets in 2022. Strategies to promote equitable drug prices and improve drug affordability are urgently needed.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	© 2025 The Author(s)
Divisions:	Health Policy
Subjects:	R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine R Medicine > RS Pharmacy and materia medica
Date Deposited:	26 Aug 2025 07:27
Last Modified:	10 Sep 2025 18:21
URI:	http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/129259

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