Low-cost electronic sensors for environmental research: pitfalls and opportunities

Chan, Kris, Schillereff, Daniel N, CW Baas, Andreas, Chadwick, Michael, Main, Bruce, Mulligan, Mark, O’Shea, Francis T, Pearce, Reagan, Smith, T. E. L. ORCID: 0000-0001-6022-5314, van Soesbergen, Arnout, Tebbs, Emma and Thomson, Joseph (2020) Low-cost electronic sensors for environmental research: pitfalls and opportunities. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment. ISSN 0309-1333

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Abstract

Repeat observations underpin our understanding of environmental processes, but financial constraints often limit scientists’ ability to deploy dense networks of conventional commercial instrumentation. Rapid growth in the Internet-Of-Things (IoT) and the maker movement is paving the way for low-cost electronic sensors to transform global environmental monitoring. Accessible and inexpensive sensor construction is also fostering exciting opportunities for citizen science and participatory research. Drawing on 6 years of developmental work with Arduino-based open-source hardware and software, extensive laboratory and field testing, and incor- poration of such technology into active research programmes, we outline a series of successes, failures and lessons learned in designing and deploying environmental sensors. Six case studies are presented: a water table depth probe, air and water quality sensors, multi-parameter weather stations, a time-sequencing lake sediment trap, and a sonic anemometer for monitoring sand transport. Schematics, code and purchasing guidance to reproduce our sensors are described in the paper, with detailed build instructions hosted on our King’s College London Geography Environmental Sensors Github repository and the FreeStation project website. We show in each case study that manual design and construction can produce research-grade scientific instrumentation (mean bias error for calibrated sensors –0.04 to 23%) for a fraction of the conventional cost, provided rigorous, sensor-specific calibration and field testing is conducted. In sharing our collective experiences with build-it- yourself environmental monitoring, we intend for this paper to act as a catalyst for physical geographers and the wider environmental science community to begin incorporating low-cost sensor development into their research activities. The capacity to deploy denser sensor networks should ultimately lead to superior envi- ronmental monitoring at the local to global scales.

Item Type:	Article
Official URL:	https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ppg
Additional Information:	© 2020 The Authors
Divisions:	Geography & Environment
Subjects:	Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences
Date Deposited:	28 Sep 2020 11:09
Last Modified:	16 Nov 2024 00:42
URI:	http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/106639

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